Reconstruction of the United States after the Civil War essays

Reconstruction of the United States after the Civil War essays The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 freed African Americans in rebel states, and after the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment emancipated all U.S. slaves wherever they were. As a result of this free African Americans faced the problem of hostile whites around them preventing them to prosper. Despite the defeat of the Confederacy the nation was still unprepared to deal with the question of full citizenship for its newly freed black population. The Reconstruction was the time after the Civil War (1865-1877) when the United States was reorganizing the southern states and providing the means to accepting them back to the Union. Also to define how whites and blacks could live together, peacefully. These two major problems were placed on the weight of the soldiers of Andrew Johnson. Johnson became president after Abraham Lincoln. He was born in to a poor family, so he taught himself how to read and married a wife who taught him how to write. Before his presidency, he was the only senator from a confederate state to remain loyal to the Union. He hated wealthy slave owners. Before Abraham Lincolns assassination, he made it clear that he wanted a lenient Reconstruction plan. In December 1863, he announced his Proclamation of Amnesty which is also known as the Ten-Percent Plan. Lincoln's Reconstruction plan was designed to make an easy, peaceful reentry of the former Confederate states into the Union. Lincoln's policy was to forgive the South, rather than to punish them. Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan allowed the former Confederate states to rejoin the Union when ten percent of the voters declared their loyalty to the Union. Lincoln's plan would let white southerners control the reconstruction process. Under this plan, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Virginia came back to the Union. Lincoln wanted to let plantation owners keep their property, rather than divide up plantation property and give the land to former slaves. Lincoln's p...

Idiom Corner The Exception That Proves the Rule

Idiom Corner The Exception That Proves the Rule Idiom Corner: The Exception That Proves the Rule â€Å"The exception that proves the rule† is a commonly misused phrase in English. Yet it’s also one that most people have heard, so let us clarify how an exception can prove a rule. The Exception That Proves the Rule Librarians are notorious food thieves.(Image: Enokson/flickr) This phrase has its origins in a Latin legal principle that stated â€Å"the exception confirms the rule in cases not excepted.† In other words, when there’s an exception to a rule, we know that there must be a rule to which it is an exception (even when this rule isn’t explicit). For example, if you see a sign saying â€Å"No food or drink in the library,† you can work out from this alone that food and drink is allowed in other places. So the exception (i.e., â€Å"No food or drink in the library†) proves that another rule must exist (i.e., â€Å"Food and drink is permitted outside of the library†). This is the original use of the phrase and still the â€Å"correct† use for many passionate pedants. But it is not what most people now mean by â€Å"the exception that proves the rule.† Read on to find out more. Modern Usage Old Latin legal principles are not all that popular anymore. Consequently, the phrase â€Å"the exception that proves the rule† has taken on a new meaning. Nowadays, then, it usually means the exception that tests the rule. This is based on a definition of â€Å"proves† that we also see in phrases like â€Å"proving ground,† â€Å"the proof of the pudding is in the eating,† and even in â€Å"proofreading.† In all these cases, â€Å"proof† means test something to check that it’s valid or correct. As such, an exception can â€Å"prove† a rule if it makes us question it (or even reject it). For example, we might believe   â€Å"everyone loves pudding† as a rule. But the existence of one person who hates pudding would then be an exception that â€Å"proves† or tests this rule. Who put the proof in the pudding?(Images: Rita E F=q(E+v^B)) You’ll want to avoid this usage in formal writing, as it is based on a confusion. But people will know what you mean if you use â€Å"the exception that proves the rule† this way in conversation. How Not to Use the Phrase This phrase is used in another way sometimes: i.e., taking â€Å"the exception that proves the rule† to mean an exception can confirm a rule. Unfortunately, this does not make sense because it involves a direct contradiction. For instance, let us return to the world in which â€Å"everyone loves pudding† is a rule. If an exception could  Ã¢â‚¬Å"confirm† this, we would have to treat someone who hates pudding as â€Å"proof† our original rule was true. And this is clearly absurd, as well as unfair on people who don’t like pudding. Summary: The Exception That Proves the Rule To summarize, this phrase has two common uses: In formal writing, an exception can â€Å"prove† the existence of an unstated rule (i.e., if there is an exception to a rule, there must be a rule to which it is an exception). This original use of the phrase is rare in modern English. The modern use of this phrase is to mean â€Å"the exception that tests the rule† (i.e., an exception that makes us question a rule). However, you should never use this phrase to mean â€Å"the exception confirms the rule.† This would be incorrect and illogical. And if you want someone to make sure you’re using idioms correctly, let us know.

The analysis of thymine and its derivatives by electron-ionisation and Essay

The analysis of thymine and its derivatives by electron-ionisation and chemical-ionisation mass spectrometry - Essay Example Aromaticity of Thymine is due to the alignment of conjugated double bond and empty orbital of Nitrogens in the ring. Resonance also plays part in stabilizing the molecule. Thymine exists in different tautomeric form but the lactam form is the most stable and the form present in DNA structure. Thymine has the structure of an aromatic heterocyclic ring with two carbonyl attached to 2nd and 4th Carbon. A methyl group is attached to 5th Carbon. The first and third position of the ring is a Nitrogen atom. Both Nitrogen has unoccupied orbital that participates in stabilizing aromatic property of the molecule. Coupling of Thymine and 2-Deoxyribose creates the nucleoside Deoxythymidine which is commonly called Thymidine. One common mutations found in DNA are two adjacent pyrimidine bases commonly Thymidine that upon irradiation with UV-light will cause mutagenesis and therefore inhibits the process of translation. Thymine Thymidine Mass Spectrometry A mass spectrometer produces a spectrum of masses based on the structure of a molecule. The mass spectrum is not a spectrum with respect to electromagnetic radiation, as in the case or IR and NMR. Instead, it is a spectrum of plot of distribution of ion masses corresponding to the formula weight of the molecule, fragments derive from the molecule, or both. For the past years, advances in technology leads to well developed and precise mass spectrometric technique primarily used for structure determination and quantitative work. Mass spectrometers for structure elucidation can be classified according to the method of separating the charged particles. Most common methods are Magnetic Field Deflection, Quadrupole mass Spectrometry, Time of Flight, Ion-Cyclotron resonance and MS/MS (Tandem Mass spectrometry). The general procedure for a mass spectral analysis comes in subsequent steps. Feedingof sample in the Mass Spectrometer and undergoes vaporization. Vaporization is required if the starting substance is in liquid form. In mo st cases, this comes from an HPLC unit. GC-MS has been widely renowned for its convenience and accuracy. Components are then ionized using variety of techniques. This step is the determining factor for which kind of substance the mass spectrometer can effectively analyze. Biological sample are often ionized using Electron impact, Chemical ionization and the most recent Electron Spray Ionization. Contact with ions creates charge to various species of the sample. They are then separated according to their mass to charge ratio in a mass analyzer. The ions are detected by a transducer and then reported as spectral lines in mass spectra. Mass Spectral Analysis of Thymine Mass Spectra using Electron Ionization technique for Thymine has Molecular Ion peak at 126 m/z at almost 100% abundance. The intensity of the molecular ion peak depends on the stability of the molecular ion. Thymine is an Aromatic molecule so has the greatest stability of the molecular ion. M+1 ion is also evident as con sequence of using Electron Ionization technique in ionization step. Lower m/z lines were due to fragments of Thymine. Mass Spectroscopic Analysis of Thymidine Derivatives Oxidation of Thymine in DNA Changes in DNA structure such as oxidations in DNA bases pose a major role in mutagenic initiation and degenerative diseases. Peroxyl radicals (ROO) has been found to cause must of the oxidations in the body. The

Causes of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Causes of War - Essay Example   There have always been numerous reports about war and conflicts in different parts of the world with regrettable outcomes. A war can occur between groups of people, countries or even regions. Each of the mentioned kinds and every particular case have their specific reasons for the occurrence. Although quite different, roots of the war are always associated with a kind of a conflict. It, therefore, means that a war comes up as a result of a conflict between the two distinct parties starting a confrontation, regardless of what constituted a ground for the appearance of a conflict or its further scale. As a whole, both the variety of possible causes of war and their kinds are important topics to be investigated and analyzed.   Countries can enter an international conflict finding themselves in antagonism. (Ikenbery 173). In this case, the whole population of a country appears to be involved and the victory is ensured by armies fighting in the front lines and citizens backing them in a variety of ways. There are numbers of factors that encourage conflicts to take place and those that may prevent a conflict from erupting. Some events are known to lead to an occurrence of war and other events can bring about peace and reconciliation, preventing conflicts to come in. Naturally, consequences and effects of wars, particularly civil wars, are visible. Examples of both, short term and long term ones, which impose their effects on all the parties involved, could be seen in different nations.

Capitalism and the Common Man :: Economy Economics Essays

Capitalism and the Common Man There are some arguments, having a faint measure of plausibility, that have served politicians, charlatans and assorted do-gooders for well for over a century in their quest for control. One of those arguments is: capitalism primarily benefits the rich and not the common man. That vision prompts declarations such as: Congressman Richard Gephart's assertion that high income earners are "winners" in "the lottery of life." Then there's, Robert Reich, former Secretary of Labor, who says high income earners the "fortunate fifth." These nonsensical visions lead to calls for those who've been "blessed" to "give back" either voluntarily or coercively through the tax code. While demagogic statements like these have high emotive worth, they reflect resolute, near incurable stupidity about the sources of income. Listening to some of the talk about income differences, one would think that out there somewhere is a pile of money. People who are wealthy just happened to get there first and greedily took an unfair share. Justice requires that they "give back." Or, there's talk about income distribution. The way some people talk, unequal distribution of income means that there is a dealer of dollars who shells out $1,000 to one person, $100,000 to another and a million dollars to yet another. Thus, the reason why some people are wealthy while others are not wealthy is that the dollar dealer is a racist, sexist, a multi-nationalist, or just plain mean. Economic justice requires a re-dealing of the dollars, income redistribution, where the ill-gotten gains of the few are returned to their rightful owners. In a free society, for the most part, people with high incomes have demonstrated extraordinary ability to produce valuable services for, and therefore please their fellow man. Sam Walton, founder of Walmart, Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, and singer Michael Jackson provided services deemed highly valuable by their fellow men who voluntarily took money out of their pockets to purchase those services. Their high incomes stand as unambiguous proof of that service. Their high incomes also reflect the democracy of the market place. For example, millions upon millions of independent decision makers decided to fork over $200 or $300 for Microsoft founder Bill Gates' "Windows 98" operating system. Those who think Bill Gates is too rich, and want to redistribute his income, are really registering disagreement with the democracy of the market place and want to cancel or offset the market "vote.

Develop positive relationships Essay

You Assessor will observe these Standards in your place of work. Why is having a positive relationship with children and young people important 1.1 Working with children requires us to build relationships with them quickly, but also in ways that are professional. Building and maintaining positive relationships- the quality of relationships that we have with children and young people has a huge effect on the way in which we can work with them. Positive relationships with children and young people is important because when children feel comfortable with us they can separate more easily from their parents, children are more likely to participate in the play and learning activities if they are secure emotionally, when children have strong relationships, they are less likely to show unwanted behaviour as we can recognise and meet their needs, childrens language develops more quickly because they feel comfortable talking to us, practitioners can plan more accurately as they understand childrens development needs and know their interests, practitioners are able to respond to children more effectively because they can recognise thei r expressions and emotions. Explain how you build and maintain positive relationships with children and young people 1.1 Communicating effectively- one of the most important aspects of building a relationship is to find ways of communicating effectively. Communication is not just about words it is also about our facial expressions, body language and gestures. Identifying and sorting out conflicts and disagreements- groups of children, like adults will have disagreements. As children become older these can become more serious and are not simply squabbles. In order for children and young people to trust us, it is important that we can identify difficulties and help them wherever possible to find ways through them. It is important that children and young people perceive our way of doing this as fair. Being consistent and fair- children and young people rely on us. This means that it is essential day after day we are consistent. Consistency means not just keeping behavioural boundaries in place, but also making sure that we do not have significant mood swings, for example, one day been excitable and fu nny and the next being quiet and withdrawn. Children also need to know that we will be fair with them. We will listen to what they have to say before jumping to conclusions and we will try to make sure that their needs are taking into consideration. Fairness is also  something that adults need as well. Parents will want to see that the way their family is being treated is comparable with others, while staff members need to feel that their work place is a fair one where everyone is expected to pull their weight. Showing respect and courtesy- children and young people will need to receive respect and courtesy from us in order that they can extend these skills to others. From the earliest age we should be using markers of respect in English such as saying please and thank you. We should always speak to children and young people using voice tones that are warm and courteous. Principles of relationship building . communicating effectively . identifying and sorting out conflicts and disagreements . being consistent and fair . showing respect and courtesy . valuing and respecting individuals . keeping promises and honouring commitments . monitoring impact of own behaviour on others . keeping confidentiality as appropriate . recognisi ng and responding appropriately to the power base underpinning relationships Babies for instance, they need comfort and bonding time with their key person. Spending time with a baby not only playing, but simple gestures as cuddling, rocking, soothing and singing. Also, when you are changing their nappy or feeding them. This time is precious as you have direct contact with the child. You can talk and show affection by making faces, by touch and laughing. It is important to give them eye contact. This time is sometimes more important than planned activities. Toddlers also need the same comfort of cuddles and taking time to just talk to them and again give them eye contact and special moments that make them feel individual which can be sometimes lost in a setting with more than one child. It is important to be consistent with routines and discipline so that a child can feel safe and secure. Also, to keep promises. If a child is promised that tomorrow or later that day we can read a special book that they have bought with them, then we must do so. Explain why it is important to have a positive relationship with the people involved in the care of children and young people 2.1 The professional and positive relationships we develop will ensure that good communication is possible in order to support the needs of children and their families. Where we do not have strong relationships, there is a danger that information may be passed inaccurately or that it is withheld because we may not be not trusted. This Has to be taken seriously as, over the past few year, some child deaths  have occurred because people caring for children have not worked properly together where parents are concerned, it is essential that we build positive relationships so that we can work closely together to benefit there child in a variety of ways. This should include settling the child in, sharing development information and also learning about childrens interests. Benefits of positive relationships .information can be shared quickly between adults .children are given consistent care .childrens interests and needs are identify .plans for childrens care and education are more effective . childrens welfare can be properly monitored . skills and ideas can be shared Evaluate your strengths and effectiveness with building relationships with children and young people. 1.3 The great thing about children and young people is they are all different. This means that we need to adapt the way in which we approach and communicate with them according to their age/stage of development needs and personality. Not so long ago some adults working with two children of exactly the same age would have expected them to respond in similar ways, and a child who did not respond as the adult expected might have been seen as shy, sullen or even difficult. Today it is appreciated that it is more appropriate for the adults to change the way in which they work, rather than condemn the child. An important starting point is therefor to consider how effective our relationships with children and young people are. Interestingly some tell-tale indicators of the strength of our relationships with children and young people can be seen through some everyday activities.

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